分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋 礁區魚類; 深度上下限 10 - ? m (Ref. 5213). ; 12°S - 36°S, 10°E - 34°E
Southeast Atlantic to southwestern Indian Ocean: southern Angola to Natal, South Africa.
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm 34.0  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 80.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 4370); 最大體重: 6.5 kg (Ref. 4370)
背棘 (總數): 10; 背的軟條 (總數): 18-19; 臀棘 3; 臀鰭軟條: 13 - 14. Changes from black to silver almost instantly to blend with environment; occasionally mottled or with 7-9 crossbars (Ref. 4370).
Found in inshore reefs, rocky and sandy areas. Feeds on mollusks, crustaceans, and other invertebrates (Ref. 5213). Abundant in winter, breeding occurs in deeper water. Becoming scarce because of overfishing (Ref. 36731).
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
Smith, M.M., 1986. Coracinidae. p. 601-602. In M.M. Smith and P.C. Heemstra (eds.) Smiths' sea fishes. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. (Ref. 4370)
人類使用
漁業: 商業性; 游釣魚種: 是的
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 14.4 - 24.7, mean 16.7 °C (based on 20 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 1.0000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01622 (0.00664 - 0.03964), b=3.01 (2.79 - 3.23), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 3.3 ±0.45 se; based on food items.
Generation time: 8.5 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 2
growth studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增時間4.5 - 14 年 (K=0.13).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High vulnerability (60 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 16.5 [7.8, 32.0] mg/100g; Iron = 0.449 [0.259, 0.748] mg/100g; Protein = 19.3 [18.1, 20.5] %; Omega3 = 0.155 [0.089, 0.271] g/100g; Selenium = 24.8 [11.8, 51.6] μg/100g; VitaminA = 23.6 [5.9, 90.6] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.598 [0.394, 0.888] mg/100g (wet weight);