分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Teleostei >
Eupercaria/misc (Various families in series Eupercaria) >
Sciaenidae (Drums or croakers)
Etymology: Protonibea: Greek, protos = the first + see under Nibea.
More on author: Lacepède.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋; 半鹹淡水 居於水底的; 深度上下限 5 - 100 m (Ref. 43239). ; 40°N - 28°S, 47°E - 154°E
Indo-West Pacific: west coast of the Persian Gulf and along the coasts of India and Sri Lanka, north to Japan and south through the Philippines and Borneo to New Guinea and northern Australia.
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm ?, range 85 - ? cm
Max length : 165.0 cm TL (female); common length : 100.0 cm SL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 9772); 最大體重: 0.00 g; 最大年齡: 8 年 (Ref. 72458)
背棘 (總數): 10 - 11; 背的軟條 (總數): 225; 臀棘 2; 臀鰭軟條: 7. 7-8 gill rakers on the lower limb of the first arch.
Found in coastal waters over muddy bottoms, off the sea-bed. Ascend tidal rivers and estuaries (Ref. 9772). Feed mainly on crustaceans and small fishes. Also caught with bottom trawls (Ref. 9772). Sold fresh and dried salted (swim bladder) in markets. An important food fish. Minimum depth range based on occurrence (Ref. 118911).
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
Lal Mohan, R.S., 1984. Sciaenidae. In W. Fischer and G. Bianchi (eds.) FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Western Indian Ocean (Fishing Area 51). Vol. 4. FAO, Rome. pag. var. (Ref. 3490)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435)
近危 (NT) (A2b); Date assessed: 30 July 2018
人類使用
漁業: 低經濟; 養殖: 商業性
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合作者照片Stamps, Coins Misc.聲音神經毒速度泳型鰓區Otoliths腦重體重比眼睛色素
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 24.6 - 29.1, mean 28.2 °C (based on 1838 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 1.0000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00813 (0.00539 - 0.01227), b=3.07 (2.95 - 3.19), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 3.5 ±0.6 se; based on diet studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增時間最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (K=0.29-0.52; tmax=8).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (45 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 40.5 [14.2, 156.2] mg/100g; Iron = 0.578 [0.238, 1.642] mg/100g; Protein = 19.1 [17.3, 21.0] %; Omega3 = 0.206 [0.112, 0.346] g/100g; Selenium = 84.9 [44.5, 168.2] μg/100g; VitaminA = 9.38 [2.40, 34.23] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.722 [0.405, 1.471] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.