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> Clupeiformes (Herrings) > Clupeidae (Herrings, shads, sardines, menhadens)
Etymology: Sprattus: Old German, sprotte (1611) = a small fish, Clupea sp. (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Linnaeus.

Issue
The subspecies were not characterized well enough, that unless there is more evidence presented in the future, Sprattus sprattus should be considered as one species with several known populations (S.Kullander, pers.comm. 07/09).

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range Ecologie

marien; brak water; oceanodroom (Ref. 51243); diepte 10 - 150 m (Ref. 6302). Temperate; 69°N - 30°N, 11°W - 42°E

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Northeast Atlantic: North Sea and adjacent waters as far north as the Lofoten Area and the west of the British Isles, and Baltic Sea south to Morocco; also in northern Mediterranean (Gulf of Lion and the Adriatic Sea) and Black Sea.

Lengte bij maturiteit / Grootte / Gewicht / Leeftijd

Maturity: L_m 10.1, range 8 - 12 cm
Max length : 16.0 cm SL mannelijk / geslacht onbekend; (Ref. 188); common length : 12.0 cm SL mannelijk / geslacht onbekend; (Ref. 188); max. gerapporteerde leeftijd: 6 Jaren (Ref. 3561)

Korte beschrijving Determinatiesleutels | Morfologie | Morfometrie

Dorsale stekels (totaal) : 0; Dorsale zachte stralen (totaal) : 13 - 21; Anale stekels: 0; Anale zachte stralen: 12 - 23. Lower jaw slightly projecting, gill cover without any bony radiating striae, teeth rarely present on vomer; belly with a strong keel of scutes; last two anal fin rays not enlarged. No dark spots on flanks. Pterotic bulla absent.

Usually inshore schooling, sometimes entering estuaries (especially the juveniles) and tolerating salinities as low as 4 ppt. Shows strong migrations between winter feeding and summer spawning grounds. Moves to the surface at night. Feeds on planktonic crustaceans (Ref. 9900). Spawns at depths of 10-20 m producing 6,000-14,000 pelagic eggs (Ref. 35388). Some spawn almost throughout the year, mainly in spring and summer, near the coast or up to 100 km out to sea, the young drifting inshore. Sold as 'brislings' to canneries. Sprat are used in the production of fish meal and as mink food, less for human consumption (Ref. 9900). Utilized fresh, smoked, canned and frozen; can be pan-fried and broiled (Ref. 9988).

Levenscyclus en paargedrag Maturities | Voortplanting | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | Larven

Some spawn almost year round but mainly in spring and summer, near to the coast or up to 100 km out to sea, the young drifting inshore. Individual period of spawning takes about two months (Ref. 92054).

Hoofdreferentie Upload your references | Referenties | Coördinator | Medewerkers

Whitehead, P.J.P., 1985. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (suborder Clupeoidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(7/1):1-303. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 188)

Status op de Rode Lijst van het IUCN (Ref. 130435)

Niet bedreigd (LC) ; Date assessed: 18 July 2018

CITES

Not Evaluated

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

Gevaar voor de mens

Reports of ciguatera poisoning (Ref. 30911)

Gebruik door de mens

Visserij: van groot commercieel belang; aas: usually

FAO - visserij: aanvoer, soortsprofiel; Publication: search | FIRMS - Stock assessments | FishSource | Sea Around Us

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Estimates based on models

Preferred temperature (Ref. 123201): 4.3 - 15.3, mean 9.5 °C (based on 530 cells).

Fylogenetische diversiteitsindex (Ref. 82804): PD₅₀ = 0.5312 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].

Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00575 (0.00491 - 0.00675), b=3.09 (3.04 - 3.14), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref. 93245).

Trofisch niveau (Ref. 69278): 3.0 ±0.07 se; based on food items.

Generation time: 2.2 (1.7 - 2.6) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 23 growth studies.

Weerstandsvermogen (Ref. 120179): Gemiddeld, minimale populatieverdubbelingstijd 1,4-4,4 jaar (rm=1.7; K=0.14-0.77; tm=1-2; tmax=6; Fec=2,000 (batch fec)).

Prior r = 0.48, 95% CL = 0.32 - 0.72, Based on 17 full stock assessments.

Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153): Low vulnerability (25 of 100).

Climate Vulnerability (Ref. 125649): Low vulnerability (15 of 100).

Prijsklasse (Ref. 80766): Low.

Nutrients (Ref. 124155): Calcium = 69.8 [34.7, 136.5] mg/100g; Iron = 0.454 [0.171, 1.290] mg/100g; Protein = 19.9 [17.2, 22.6] %; Omega3 = 0.601 [0.328, 1.136] g/100g; Selenium = 8.55 [3.88, 18.40] μg/100g; VitaminA = 66.3 [13.8, 248.5] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.429 [0.200, 1.835] mg/100g (wet weight); based on nutrient studies.

Sprattus sprattus (Linnaeus, 1758)