Main Ref. | Collette, B.B. and C.E. Nauen, 1983 |
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Remarks | Seasonal migrations may be very extended, the fish in the northern hemisphere moving further northward with increased summer temperatures, and southwards for overwintering and spawning. The reverse pattern generally applies to populations in the southern hemisphere. Feeds on zooplankton such as copepod, krill and small fish (Ref. 39882, 54164) also on feeds on fish, plants and invertebrates (Ref. 9142). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | |
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Associations | schooling; |
Associated with | School of adults are most structured and compact, schools with Sarda chiliensis, Trachurus symmetricus and Sardinops sagax. |
Association remarks | Schooling by size starts at 3 cm fish length. |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Chavez Solano, D.J., 1976 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Collette, B.B. and C.E. Nauen, 1983 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 3.38 | 0.10 | 3.09 | 0.43 | Troph of juv./adults from 5 studies. |
From individual food items | 3.42 | 0.46 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Mendo, J.A., 1984 |