Main Ref. | Skelton, P.H., 1993 |
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Remarks | Hardy, prefers quiet, well-vegetated waters in lakes, swamps, and marshes or marginal areas of larger rivers and slow-flowing streams. Frequency of occurrence in Caprivi: occasionally on rocky streams, in standing deep water; common in shallow swamps and flood plains (Ref. 37065). Feeds on a wide variety of small organisms including insects, small snails and crustaceans, algae, diatoms, and detritus. Is preyed upon by the sharptooth catfish, tigerfish, largemouth breams (Serranochromis species) and birds. |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | plants/detritus+animals (troph. 2.2-2.79) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Skelton, P.H., 1993 |
Feeding habit | variable |
Feeding habit Ref. |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 2.78 | 0.23 | |||
From individual food items | 2.94 | 0.33 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Polling, L., H.J. Schoonbee and J.E. Saayman, 1992 |